Reproductive compatibility among sympatric and allopatric isofemale lines of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879.

The present study evaluated the reproductive compatibility of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879, through an integrative approach using biological data and morphometry of three isofemale lines (isolines) collected from two geographical areas. These isolines differed in sequences of mitochondrial DNA and reproductive performance in the laboratory. The wasps used to initiate the isolines were collected in different environments: two lines from a Mediterranean climate in Irvine, California, USA, and one line from a tropical climate in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Reproductive compatibility was studied by evaluating the sex ratio and number of adult offspring produced of all mating combinations between adults from these isolines. Morphometry was studied by measuring 26 taxonomically useful characters, followed by a multivariate analysis. For the allopatric matings among Brazilian and North American isolines, a low level of crossing incompatibility was recorded, in only one direction of the crosses; whereas the sympatric North American isolines were incompatible in both directions. Multivariate analysis of the morphometric data indicated no distinct groups, suggesting that despite the genetic and biological differences, the isofemale lines are morphologically similar.

The Amazon and Its Biodiversity: a Source of Unexplored Potential Natural Enemies for Biological Control (Predators and Parasitoids).

The Amazon is an important source of natural enemies for biological control. The diversity of biocontrol agents in the Amazon is considerably higher than that in other Brazilian regions. However, few studies have focused on the bioprospecting of natural enemies in the Amazon. Furthermore, the expansion of agricultural land in recent decades has caused biodiversity loss in the region, including the loss of potential biocontrol agents, due to the replacement of native forests with cultivated areas and forest degradation. In this study, we reviewed the main groups of natural enemies in the Brazilian Legal Amazon: predatory mites (mainly Acari: Phytoseiidae), ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) and the Hymenoptera parasitoids of eggs (Trichogrammatidae) and of frugivorous larvae (Braconidae and Figitidae). The main species prospected and used in biological control are presented. The lack of knowledge and perspectives regarding these groups of natural enemies as well as the challenges of conducting research in the Amazon is discussed.

Taxonomy and Biological Control: New Challenges in an Old Relationship.

Biological control and taxonomy are continuously developing fields with remarkable impacts on society. At least 80 years of literature have documented this relationship, which remains essentially the same in its mutualistic nature, as well as in its major challenges. From the perspective of Brazilian taxonomists, we discuss the impacts of important scientific and social developments that directly affect research in these areas, posing new challenges for this lasting relationship. The increasing restrictions and concerns regarding the international transit of organisms require improvements in research related to risk assessment for exotic biological control agents and also stimulate prospecting within the native biota. In our view, this is a positive situation that can foster a closer relationship between taxonomists and applied entomologists, as well as local surveys and taxonomic studies that are necessary before new programs and agents can be implemented. We discuss the essential role of molecular biology in this context, as an iconic example of the synergy between applied sciences and natural history. As our society comes to need safer and more sustainable solutions for food security and the biodiversity crisis, scientific progress will build upon this integration, where biological control and taxonomy play an essential role.

Brazilian female researchers do not publish less despite an academic structure that deepens sex gap.

In the 21st century, we still need to talk about gender inequality in science. Even with the sharp growth of studies on this theme over the last decades, we are still trying to convince our peers that diversity matters and, if embraced, makes better science. Part of this drawback can be related to the need for data to support effective proposals to change the academic scenario. In order to close some of those gaps, we here analyze 1) the profile of Brazilian researchers based on production, impact, and membership to the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 2) participation in the Editorial boards of Brazilian journals dedicated to Entomology, and, 3) the academic scenario of Brazilian Entomology focusing on the sex of the first and last authors in peer-reviewed international publications related to Entomology. We aimed to provide a deeper look on the Brazilian Entomology scenario and to expand the amount of data availability to stimulate and foster a mind-change in the current academic structure. We performed scientometric searches and analysis using different platforms and found that the number and impact of the publications by female researchers, as observed by relative numbers, are not less than that of males. Despite that, female researchers are less represented at the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and editorial boards, reinforcing the lack of women recognition in science. Thus, we observe that some narratives related to the productivity gap can be misleading to a perpetuation of our internal and structural biases. We here expanded data from a previous paper where we scrutinized the Brazilian Entomology scenario and discussed the patches and systems that maintain gender gap in science.

The Gender Gap in Brazilian Entomology: an Analysis of the Academic Scenario.

Although women are about half of world's population, they are underrepresented in many sectors including academia and the research scenario in general. Gender gap in Entomology has been pointed out in other publications; however, data for Brazil has never been demonstrated. Here we provide a diagnosis for the Brazilian Entomology scenario in order to contribute to propositions towards disentangling the gender gap in general. We analyzed scientometric data for Brazilian Entomology focusing on gender disparity and on personal perceptions related to the gender gap through an online questionnaire. We detected a pervasive gender bias in which the scissor-shaped curve is the most representative effect of it: women were the majority in lower degree stages but the minority in higher degree stages (permanent positions and positions of prestige and power). We also observed mentorship bias and discussed these results in light of intersectionality and the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender differences were perceived differently by the questionnaire respondents considering age, gender, and parenting. With this data and analyses, we have provided elements to stimulate and support change to a healthier and more equitable academic space.

Primeiro relato de Trichogramma rojasi parasitando ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda / First report of Trichogramma rojasi parasitizing eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda

A larva de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), conhecida como lagarta-do-cartucho, é um dos principais insetos-praga da cultura do milho e seu controle é realizado com produtos químicos. Uma alternativa é o controle biológico, em especial, com parasitoides de ovos do gênero Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Para a efetiva aplicação do controle biológico, é necessário avaliar o complexo de espécies/linhagens que ocorrem em ovos de S. frugiperda. Com esse objetivo, foram realizadas coletas de posturas de S. frugiperda na cultura do milho, no 10o Distrito de Arroio Grande, em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), onde foi verificada a primeira ocorrência de Trichogramma rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, 1973 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), parasitando ovos de S. frugiperda. A ocorrência de T. rojasi em ovos de S. frugiperda abre perspectivas para que esse parasitoide seja estudado a fim de integrar programas de controle biológico em milho, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

The larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), known as fall armyworm, is the main insect pest of corn crop and its control is done with chemicals. An alternative is biological control, in particular, the egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). For the effective application of biological control, it is necessary to evaluate the complex of species/strains occurring in eggs of S. frugiperda. With this objective, samples of egg masses of S. frugiperda were taken in the corn crop in the 10th Distrito de Arroio Grande, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, where it was observed the first occurrence of Trichogramma rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, 1973 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing eggs of S. frugiperda.. The occurrence of T. rojasi in eggs of S. frugiperda opens perspective so that this parasitoid can be studied in order to integrate biological control programs in corn in Rio Grande do Sul State.